苦涩 (kǔ sè) — Chinese word meaning

著 zhù prominent; notable 葡 pú used in "葡萄" (grape; grapevine)

荣 róng lush; flourishing (of plants) 营 yíng to seek; to pursue 蔬 shū vegetable; edible plant (mostly herbaceous) 薄 bó slight, little 藏 cáng to hide; to conceal

薯 shǔ tuber plant: ①sweet potato (甘薯), also called 白薯, 红薯 or 番薯, with slender stems and edible tuberous roots; ②potato (马铃薯), also called 土豆 or 山药蛋, with edible tubers; ③[薯蓣] yam, also called 山药, with cylindrical edible roots, also used medicinally

芬 fēn fragrance of flowers and plants 芭 bā see 芭蕉, a herbaceous plant with broad leaves; its fruit, similar to a banana, is edible 芯 xīn peeled rush pith; the central part of a plant 芳 fāng fragrant; sweet-smelling (of flowers and plants) 芽 yá bud; sprout (young shoot emerging from a seed or plant that can develop into a stem, leaf, or whole plant) 苍 cāng blue-green or cyan color 苏 sū plant name: ① purple perilla (紫苏), a herb with dark purple leaves, purple-red flowers, leaves and seeds used medicinally; ② white perilla (白苏), a herb with square stems, white flowers, roots, stems, leaves and seeds all used medicinally 苗 miáo seedling; tender shoots or leaves of certain vegetables 苛 kē burdensome, oppressive, hard to bear 苟 gǒu for the time being; temporarily 若 ruò as if; like 茁 zhuó sprouting; growing vigorously (of plants) 茂 mào lush, (of plants) growing abundantly and vigorously 茉 mò ﹝茉莉﹞ (-li) ① evergreen shrub with fragrant white flowers, used to scent tea ② four-o'clock flower (Mirabilis jalapa), an herb with red, white, yellow, or purple flowers; its starchy endosperm can be used as cosmetic powder 茫 máng vast and boundless, indistinct 荆 jīng chaste tree (a deciduous shrub with long-stalked palmate leaves, blue-purple flowers, and tough branches used for weaving baskets; branches formerly used as a flogging instrument) 荡 dàng to rock; to swing 荤 hūn pungent vegetables (onions, garlic, etc.) forbidden in Buddhism 荧 yíng (lit.) dim; faintly glowing 荫 yīn shade of a tree, shadow cast by branches and leaves in sunlight 荷 hé lotus 莅 lì (lit.) to arrive; to come to 莉 lì see "茉莉" — an evergreen shrub with oval or elliptical glossy leaves and fragrant white flowers, used ornamentally, for scenting tea, and medicinally 莫 mò (lit.) no one; nothing 莲 lián lotus (aquatic herb, also called 荷, with large round leaves, pink or white flowers, edible seeds and underground stem) 莹 yíng (lit.) a smooth, jade-like stone 莽 mǎng dense, thick grass 菇 gu a type of fungus; mushroom 菩 pú bodhisattva (–sà), abbrev. of Sanskrit 'bodhisattva'; in Buddhism, a being just below Buddhahood, broadly referring to Buddhas and certain deities 萌 méng (of plants) to sprout, to bud 萍 píng duckweed; aquatic herb floating on water surface with flat oval leaves and hanging roots 萎 wěi to wither; to wilt (of plants) 萝 luó creeping or climbing plant; 莪蒿 (a type of artemisia) 萧 xiāo desolate, bleak, lifeless 萨 sà a surname 董 dǒng (lit.) to supervise and manage 葬 zàng funeral rites; disposal of a corpse according to custom 葱 cōng scallion; green onion (a common vegetable or seasoning) 蒂 dì the stem end of a fruit or melon; the part connecting fruit to its stalk 蒙 méng ignorant, lacking knowledge 蒜 suàn garlic (herbaceous plant with white flowers; young leaves and flower stalks are edible) 蒸 zhēng to evaporate; (of liquid) to heat up and rise as vapor 蓬 péng fleabane, a biennial herb with willow-like toothed leaves and white-bristled achenes 蔑 miè (lit.) nothing, without 蔓 màn same as "蔓"（wàn）, used in compound words or idioms, e.g. "蔓草", "蔓延" 蔚 wèi (lit.) luxuriant; magnificent 蔼 ǎi friendly, amiable 蔽 bì to cover; to conceal; to block 蕴 yùn (lit.) to contain; to accumulate 蕾 lěi flower bud, unopened bloom 藐 miǎo small; tiny 藤 téng plant name: ① wisteria (紫藤), a climbing plant with purple flowers, commonly called 藤萝; ② rattan (白藤), an evergreen woody plant with long, flexible yet tough stems used for weaving chairs, baskets, and boxes, commonly called 藤子; ③ gamboge tree (藤黄), an evergreen tree with round fruit and yellow resin used as a pigment, but toxic and not for coloring food 藻 zǎo algae; aquatic plants lacking roots, stems, and leaves, capable of photosynthesis, e.g. red algae, brown algae, green algae, blue-green algae 蘑 mó edible mushroom (e.g. button mushroom, pine mushroom) 蘸 zhàn to dip into (a liquid, powder, or paste)

活 huó to live; to be alive (opposite of '死') 海 hǎi sea; ocean area near land (also used for large lakes, e.g. 青海, 里海) 清 qīng pure and clear, free of impurities (opposite of '浊'); ① purely, solely; ② quiet 渴 kě to be thirsty 满 mǎn full; filled to capacity 演 yǎn to evolve; to change gradually 澡 zǎo to bathe, wash the whole body 激 jī to strike with water; to stir up emotions

汤 tāng hot water; boiling water 油 yóu oil (liquid fat from animals or plants, or liquid hydrocarbon mixture from minerals) 泼 pō to splash or spill liquid forcefully 洋 yáng ocean (the vast body of salt water covering about 70% of Earth's surface, divided into four parts: the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic Oceans) 洲 zhōu continent (one of the seven major landmasses of the earth) 流 liú to flow (of liquid) 济 jì cross a river; ford 浪 làng wave; billow on rivers, lakes, or seas 消 xiāo to gradually diminish until gone; to vanish 深 shēn deep (opposite of shallow) 温 wēn neither cold nor hot; lukewarm 漫 màn to overflow (water spilling over) 落 luò to fall; to drop down

沿 yán along (a river, road, or edge of something) 泛 fàn to float; to drift 泪 lèi tears; colorless liquid secreted by the lacrimal glands of the eye 洒 sǎ to sprinkle or scatter water or other things on the ground 洞 dòng cave; hole; hollow or deep recess in an object 浅 qiǎn shallow (opposite of 'deep') 浇 jiāo to pour liquid onto something 测 cè to measure; to gauge using instruments or standards 浏 liú (lit.) clear and limpid (of water) 浓 nóng (of liquid or gas) thick; dense (opposite of 淡) 润 rùn to moisten; to add oil or water to prevent dryness 涨 zhǎng to rise (of water level) 淡 dàn dilute; thin (of liquid or gas, opposite of 浓) 渐 jiàn gradually; little by little 湖 hú lake (large body of water surrounded by land) 湿 shī wet; damp; moist (opposite of 干) 源 yuán source of water, where a stream originates (opposite of 流) 滑 huá smooth; slippery (low friction) 滚 gǔn to roll; to tumble 漏 lòu to drip, seep, or fall through a hole or crack 漠 mò desert; arid sandy region 范 fàn (lit.) mold; model 薄 bó slight, little

洁 jié clean; pure; free of impurities 洪 hóng large; great 浮 fú to float on the surface of a liquid (opposite of '沉') 浴 yù to bathe; to take a bath 涉 shè to wade across water; to cross over water 涌 yǒng to gush; (of water) to bubble up; (of clouds) to rise 液 yè liquid; a fluid substance with definite volume but no fixed shape 涵 hán to contain; to encompass 淋 lín to drip or splash onto a surface 淘 táo to rinse (granular material) in water to remove impurities 混 hùn to mix (different things) together 淹 yān to submerge; to flood 添 tiān to add; to increase 渠 qú waterway, especially an artificially dug canal or ditch 渡 dù to cross (a river or body of water) 港 gǎng harbor or port where large ships can dock 滴 dī to drip (liquid falls drop by drop) 漱 shù to rinse the mouth with water 潜 qián to submerge; to dive underwater 潮 cháo tidal phenomenon; rise and fall of seawater due to the gravitational pull of the sun and moon

沐 mù to wash one's hair; to bathe, wash 沛 pèi (lit.) abundant; copious; vigorous 沧 cāng dark green (of water) 沫 mò foam; froth (tiny bubbles formed by a liquid) 沮 jǔ to stop; to obstruct 沸 fèi to boil (of a liquid heated to the point of rapid vaporization) 沼 zhǎo natural pond; marsh 沾 zhān to soak; to moisten 泄 xiè (of liquid or gas) to discharge, to leak out 泊 bó to moor a boat; to dock 泌 mì to secrete (a substance from a living organism) 泞 nìng (lit.) accumulated mud; mire 波 bō waves on the surface of water (rivers, lakes, seas, etc.) 泣 qì to weep silently or softly 泻 xiè to flow down rapidly (of liquid) 津 jīn ford; river crossing 洽 qià harmonious; in accord 浊 zhuó (of water, air, etc.) murky, impure, turbid — opposite of 清 浑 hún murky; turbid (of water) 浩 hào vast, grand, magnificent 浸 jìn to soak in liquid; to steep 涂 tú to apply (paint, ointment, etc.) by spreading or brushing onto a surface 涕 tì tears 涛 tāo large waves 涝 lào waterlogged (of crops flooded by excessive rain, opposite of 旱) 涡 wō whirlpool; eddy formed by rotating water 涤 dí to wash 涩 sè rough; not smooth (high friction) 涮 shuàn to swish in water to rinse lightly 涯 yá water's edge; shore; boundary 淀 diàn shallow lake (used in place names) 淆 xiáo confused, mixed up, disordered 淌 tǎng （of liquid）to flow down, to trickle 淤 yū to silt up; to become clogged with sediment 淳 chún a surname 渔 yú to fish; to catch fish 渗 shèn to seep; to permeate slowly 渣 zhā residue left after extracting the essence or juice 渺 miǎo vast and boundless (of water) 湃 pài used in '澎湃': ① waves crashing loudly against each other; ② (fig.) surging emotions; ③ (fig.) grand and imposing momentum 湛 zhàn deep 湾 wān a bend or curve in a river 溃 kuì breach (of a dike by floodwater) 溅 jiàn (of liquid) to splash, to spatter 溉 gài (lit.) to irrigate; to water 溜 liū to glide; to slide (downward) 溢 yì to overflow; to brim over 溪 xī small stream or brook 溯 sù to go against the current 溶 róng to dissolve (a substance uniformly distributed in another to form a solution) 溺 nì to drown; to be submerged in water 滋 zī to grow, to sprout 滔 tāo floodwaters overflowing 滞 zhì to stagnate, accumulate, not flow freely 滤 lǜ to filter; to strain (liquid or gas through gauze, charcoal, sand, etc. to remove impurities) 滥 làn to overflow; to flood 滨 bīn waterside; place near water 滩 tān beach; shoal; sandbank (flat land formed by silt along rivers, lakes, or seas) 漆 qī general term for viscous coating materials (paint/lacquer) 漾 yàng ripple on the water surface 潇 xiāo (lit.) clear and deep (of water) 潦 liáo see "潦草": ① (handwriting) untidy; ② (work) careless, sloppy 潭 tán deep pool; deep pit; by extension: deep 澄 chéng clear and transparent (of water) 澈 chè clear and transparent (of water) 澎 péng used in "澎湖" (Penghu Islands, in the southeastern Taiwan Strait) 澜 lán large waves; billows 濒 bīn to border on (a body of water) 瀑 pù waterfall 瀚 hàn (lit.) vast; boundless 灌 guàn to irrigate; to water 茫 máng vast and boundless, indistinct 萍 píng duckweed; aquatic herb floating on water surface with flat oval leaves and hanging roots 衍 yǎn (lit.) to develop and elaborate; to extend and unfold

耻 chǐ shame; disgrace